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設(shè)備與工具Researchers develop a drone that swoops and lands like a bird
研究者發(fā)明了一種像鳥(niǎo)兒一樣著陸的無(wú)人機(jī)
One day they may be able to help with fires or deliver packages.
也許有一天它們會(huì)被用于救火和運(yùn)送包裹。
Watch out, birds. The drones are coming for your jobs. Researchers at BMT Defence Services (BMT) and the University of Bristol in Britain have built a fixed-wing UAV that can land as well as its avian counterparts, reports Popular Mechanics. Although BMT's project is currently part of a wider defense program called Autonomous Systems Underpinning Research, the team believes their drone could one day be used for other tasks like putting out fires or delivering packages.
以后你要小心天上的鳥(niǎo)兒咯，它們可能是過(guò)來(lái)?yè)屇愎ぷ鞯臒o(wú)人機(jī)呢！根據(jù)《大眾機(jī)械》的報(bào)道，BMT國(guó)防服務(wù)部和英國(guó)布里斯托大學(xué)的研究員已經(jīng)造出了一種像鳥(niǎo)兒一樣著陸的固定翼無(wú)人機(jī)。盡管該項(xiàng)目只是一個(gè)大國(guó)防項(xiàng)目“自治系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)研究”中的一小部分，但是該團(tuán)隊(duì)相信他們的無(wú)人機(jī)將來(lái)可能會(huì)被用來(lái)執(zhí)行滅火或者送快遞的任務(wù)。
When birds land, they perform a "deep stall," meaning they swoop in at low altitude and angle their wings upward before landing. BMT's drone does this too, thanks to a new morphing wing that can sweep forwards and backwards to create a pitching moment, or twist to allow the aircraft to roll. With this kind of high maneuverability, researchers envision a future where UAVs can easily fly through urban environments, dodging lampposts and power lines.
鳥(niǎo)兒降落時(shí)，會(huì)做一個(gè)“雀降”動(dòng)作，以一個(gè)低高度俯沖下來(lái)，然后翅膀向上展開(kāi)，最后直立緩緩落地。BMT的無(wú)人機(jī)也這么做，這得益于一種新的可以向前向后伸展的變形機(jī)翼，這可以使無(wú)人機(jī)更傾斜地盤(pán)旋。有了這種超高機(jī)動(dòng)性，研發(fā)者們可以預(yù)見(jiàn)未來(lái)無(wú)人機(jī)可以輕松飛越城市環(huán)境，避開(kāi)燈柱和電線。
But, it takes more than high-tech wings for a drone to safely do a deep stall. The team also had to build it a bird-like brain, one that could compensate for slight changes in speed, wind, angle and wing position. They achieved this through something called "Q-learning," a technique where an artificial intelligence learns an optimal course of action by raising its "Q," or satisfaction level. Like a kid in an arcade, it kept trying to beat its high score, until it worked out how to get from its starting point to its destination. After about 5,000 practice attempts, BMT says the drone pulled off a soft landing without a runway.
然而，無(wú)人機(jī)要安全地完成“雀降”動(dòng)作，需要的不僅僅是高科技的翅膀。團(tuán)隊(duì)也需要構(gòu)造一個(gè)和鳥(niǎo)一樣的大腦，可以補(bǔ)償微小的速度、風(fēng)速、角度和機(jī)翼位置變化。他們通過(guò)一種叫“Q學(xué)習(xí)”的技術(shù)達(dá)到了這一目標(biāo)。此技術(shù)就是用人工智能技術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)最佳著陸動(dòng)作從而提高滿(mǎn)意度（Q）。就像游樂(lè)場(chǎng)里的小孩會(huì)不斷試著去打高分，“Q學(xué)習(xí)”也會(huì)不斷去沖擊更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。經(jīng)過(guò)大約5000次嘗試，BMT說(shuō)無(wú)人機(jī)終于完成了一次不需要跑道的軟著陸。
來(lái)源：大眾機(jī)械/Popular Mechanics
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